Databases

Databases let you create fully isolated sets of collections for multi-tenancy applications

ArangoDB can handle multiple databases in the same server instance. Databases can be used to logically group and separate data. An ArangoDB database consists of collections and dedicated database-specific worker processes. A database contains its own collections (which cannot be accessed from other databases), Foxx applications, and replication loggers and appliers. Each ArangoDB database contains its own system collections (e.g. _users, _graphs, …).

There is always at least one database in ArangoDB. This is the default database named _system. This database cannot be dropped and provides special operations for creating, dropping, and enumerating databases.

You can create additional databases and give them unique names to access them later. Database management operations cannot be initiated from out of user-defined databases. You need to use the _system database as context.

When ArangoDB is accessed via its HTTP REST API, the database name is read from the first part of the request URI path (e.g. /_db/myDB/...). If the request URI does not contain a database name, it defaults to /_db/_system. If a database name is provided in the request URI, the name must be properly URL-encoded, and, if it contains UTF-8 characters, these must be NFC-normalized. Any non-NFC-normalized database names are rejected by the server.

Database names

You can give each database you create a name to identify and access it. The name needs to be unique and conform to the naming constraints for databases.

There are two naming constraints available for database names: the traditional and the extended naming constraints. Whether the former or the latter are active depends on the --database.extended-names startup option. The extended naming constraints are used if enabled, allowing many special and UTF-8 characters in database names. If set to false (default), the traditional naming constraints are enforced.

The restrictions for database names are as follows:

• For the traditional naming constraints:
  • Database names must only consist of the letters a to z (both lower and upper case allowed), the numbers 0 to 9, and the underscore (_) or dash (-) symbols. This also means that any non-ASCII database names are not allowed.
  • Database names must always start with a letter. Database names starting with an underscore are considered to be system databases, and users should not create or delete those.
  • The maximum allowed length of a database name is 64 bytes.
  • Database names are case-sensitive.
• For the extended naming constraints:
  • Names can consist of most UTF-8 characters, such as Japanese or Arabic letters, emojis, letters with accentuation. Some ASCII characters are disallowed, but less compared to the traditional naming constraints.
  • Names cannot contain the characters / or : at any position, nor any control characters (below ASCII code 32), such as \n, \t, \r, and \0.
  • Spaces are accepted, but only in between characters of the name. Leading or trailing spaces are not allowed.
  • . (dot), _ (underscore) and the numeric digits 0-9 are not allowed as first character, but at later positions.
  • Database names are case sensitive.
  • Database names containing UTF-8 characters must be NFC-normalized. Non-normalized names will be rejected by arangod.
  • The maximum length of a database name is 128 bytes after normalization. As a UTF-8 character may consist of multiple bytes, this does not necessarily equate to 128 characters.

  Example database names that can be used with the extended naming constraints: España, 😀, 犬, كلب, @abc123, København, München, Бишкек, abc? <> 123!

Notes

• Each database contains its own system collections, which ArangoDB has to set up when a database is created. This makes the creation of a database take a while.
• Replication can be configured globally or on a per-database level. In the latter case, you need to configure any replication logging or applying for new databases explicitly after they have been created.
• Foxx applications are only available in the context of the database they have been installed in. A new database only provides access to the system applications shipped with ArangoDB (mainly the web interface). You need to explicitly install other Foxx applications.

Database organization on disk

Data is physically stored in .sst files in a sub-directory engine-rocksdb that resides in the instance’s data directory. A single file can contain documents of various collections and databases.

ArangoSearch stores data in database-specific directories underneath the databases folder.

Foxx applications are also organized in database-specific directories but inside the application path. The filesystem layout could look like this:

apps/                   # the instance's application directory
  system/               # system applications (can be ignored)
  _db/                  # sub-directory containing database-specific applications
    <database-dir>/     # sub-directory for a single database
      <mountpoint>/APP  # sub-directory for a single application
      <mountpoint>/APP  # sub-directory for a single application
    <database-dir>/     # sub-directory for another database
      <mountpoint>/APP  # sub-directory for a single application

The name of <database-dir> will be the database’s original name or the database’s ID if its name contains special characters.

Databases API

The following descriptions cover the JavaScript interface for collections that you can use to handle collections from the arangosh command-line tool, as well as in server-side JavaScript code like Foxx microservices. For other languages see the corresponding language API.

Set the database context

When you have an established connection to ArangoDB, the current database can be changed explicitly using the db._useDatabase() method. This switches to the specified database (provided it exists and the user can connect to it). From this point on, any following action in the same shell or connection uses the specified database, unless otherwise specified.

To connect to a specific database after arangosh has started use the command described above. It is also possible to specify a database name when invoking arangosh. For this purpose, use the command-line parameter --server.database, e.g.

arangosh --server.database test

Note that commands, actions, scripts or AQL queries should never access multiple databases, even if they exist. The only intended and supported way in ArangoDB is to use one database at a time for a command, an action, a script or a query. Operations started in one database must not switch the database later and continue operating in another.

Please keep in mind that each database contains its own system collections, which need to be set up when a database is created. This makes the creation of a database take a while.

Foxx applications are also available only in the context of the database they have been installed in. A new database only provides access to the system applications shipped with ArangoDB (that is the web interface at the moment) and no other Foxx applications until they are explicitly installed for the particular database.